We describe the historical process of establishment and development of the first industrial centers of oil production in the Eastern Carpathians. Oil in Europe starts only in the late Middle Ages based on deposits of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians. The first step, which formed a large-scale oil needs was the invention of kerosene and kerosene lamps for lighting fixtures homes and streets changed significantly for the better life of the people. Technology first distillation and chemical treatment of crude oil (...) was developed in1853 inLviv chemists and pharmacists Johann Zeg and Ignatius Lukasevych. Numerous oil fields on the territory of Ukraine, Poland and Romania in central Europe had the shortest route to European consumers, new requirements form the use of oil and were kind of testing ground for the introduction of new technological ideas and scientific developments. (shrink)

У циклі статей систематизовано події заселення та економічного освоєння величезних просторів Північної Америки, Австралії, Південної Африки, Північної Азії, що пов'язані з рухом шукачів золота й алмазів. Наведено хронологічний огляд подій, дано аналіз феномену, розкриті особливості його історичної, гірничо-геологічної й організаційної складових. Матеріал розділено на три окремі, але тематично поєднані частини, що описують явище "золотої лихоманки" - стихійного масового видобування золота на нововідкритих родовищах у другій половині ХІХ - на початку ХХ ст. у віддалених частинах світу.

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters. A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold (...) mining at newly discovered deposits in remote parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century. The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development. In the proposed third part, the authors cover events in North Asia - in the Urals and Siberia. (shrink)

The role of the primitive mining in providing civilization advancement of the Stone Age communities is shown. The ways of the first minerals development are explored. The technological techniques and mining tools used by miners of the Neolithic flint extraction mines as well as the methods of clay extraction and usage are analyzed. The formation of the established mining communities and their role in obtaining and sharing professional experience is researched. Attention is drawn to the insufficient considering the factors of (...) primitive mining activity in the developing historical scientific notations about the late Stone Age social development. (shrink)

Little-studied issues of miners' society organization is analyzed in the article. Role of miners' traditions and beliefs is shown in foundation and development mining. Influence of Cistercian's Order for beginning of mining was under consideration. Monastic organization and religious motivation of "White Friars" for mining were scope. Christian and professional traditions' influence on life organization of mining artelsand on formation special feature of miners' societies was reveal. Tutelar saints of miners were describe, particular - St. Barbara. Traditions and beliefs were (...) considered from the side of mining society's separateness, protection of miner's knowledge and experience from wide spread occurrence, it gave them special privileges. Question of tradition revival for modern professional and students' environment was studied. (shrink)

У статті підкреслене цивілізаційне значення відкриття перших виробничих металів, розкриті передумови освоєння руд й основні етапи освоєння металів, що пов'язані з багатовіковим досвідом попередньої гірничої діяльності людства. Авторами запропонована гіпотеза народження металургії в надрах сталих спільнот архаїчних гірників, умотивованих не тільки утилітарними, але й сакральними чинниками. Нова гіпотеза розглядається в порівнянні з усталеними версіями випадкового відкриття металів.

У статті аналізуються основні рушії епохи Великих географічних відкриттів, зокрема прагнення до коштовних металів Нового світу; систематизовано історичний огляд опанування мінеральних скарбів Іспанської Америки, розглянуті основні осередки видобутку золота й срібла, показана роль конкістадорів в організації гірничих робіт і доля автохтонного населення, змушеного працювати в численних рудниках, оцінене значення мінеральних ресурсів Нового світу для становлення світової фінансової системи й міжнародної торгівлі ХVI - ХVII ст.

У статті проаналізовані історичні витоки, сучасний стан, проблеми й перспективи ревалоризації давніх підземних споруд і гірничих пам'яток у світі та в Україні. Наведені приклади успішних проектів ревалоризації давніх гірничих об'єктів і створення підземних туристичних трас. Розкриті завдання для гуманітарної та інженерної сфер діяльності щодо музеєфікації давніх рудників й об'єктів підземного будівництва.

У статті проведено аналіз архівних документів і літературних джерел щодо відкриття й початку промислового освоєння Донецького вугільного басейну. Розкрита роль населення Східної України й місцевих еліт в опануванні перших вугільних родовищ. Показано внесок Карла Гаскойна та інженерів його команди в будівництво першої вугільної шахти й становлення системних геологічних досліджень на сході України.

У статті розглянуто питання промислового розвитку Донецького басейну, зокрема формування й розвиток вугільної й металургійної промисловості, які припадають на другу половину ХIХ - початок ХХ століття. Коротко описано найбільш важливі події та внесок українських і зарубіжних дослідників і підприємців у промислові перетворення на сході України. Показано, що бурхливий розвиток гірничо-металургійної промисловості та транспорту Донецького басейну в останній третині ХIХ ст. нерозривно пов'язаний з опануванням залізних руд Криворіжжя, тобто із системним розвитком важкої промисловості Ліво- і Правобережної України. Обґрунтовано, чому формування Донбасу (...) як промислового центру України доцільно розглядати як важливу складову глобального процесу світових промислових перетворень. (shrink)

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters. A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold (...) mining at newly discovered deposits in remote parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century. The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development. (shrink)

У статті розкрито маловідомі факти першої спроби глобальної монополізації гірничо-металургійної промисловості Європи в часи пізнього середньовіччя. Проаналізовані історичні й суспільно-політичні причини, а також технічний рівень і технологічні досягнення гірничих підприємств ХVI ст., що сприяли такій можливості. На прикладі Якоба Фуггера показана роль видатної особистості, яка спромоглася значно прискорити промислово-фінансовий розвиток Європи й започаткувати деякі його форми в Іспанській Америці.

In recent years, the "science of science" has combined computational methods with novel data sources in order to understand the dynamics of research communities. As the name suggests, science of science is primarily focused on science and technology, with less attention to the humanities. However, many of the questions investigated by science of science are also relevant to academic philosophy: To what extent can the discipline be divided into subfields with different methods and topics? How are prestige and credit distributed (...) across the discipline? And how do these factors interact with other factors, such as gender, to shape job market outcomes? In this paper, we provide some empirically-informed answers to these questions by applying computational methods to job market data for Anglophone academic philosophy. We find, first, evidence that is consistent with the analytic-continental divide, but is also consistent with other, more complex ways of organizing academic philosophy into distinct intellectual traditions; second, a clear prestige hierarchy, dividing PhD programs into two distinct prestige categories; and third, evidence that gender, prestige, and country have notable effects on academic job market outcomes for recent philosophy PhDs. (shrink)

This article examines the origin of experiential organization, especially whether it is salient or selective. Aron Gurwitsch believes it is salient and William James that it is selective. I argue that Gurwitsch is right, and recount his argument and his critique of James, but I also pose my own critique and critical questions on the issue. -/- Gurwitsch's argument attempts to show that the organization of consciousness is not arbitrary or merely selected in some way by the subject. He claims (...) that when consciousness is organized it is found as already organized. -/- This is important for Gurwitsch's philosophical system because if he can establish that consciousness is always originally organized, then his famous claim that the theme, thematic-field, margin structure of consciousness is an invariant patterning impervious to the subject's whim, mood, or possible noetic training, is protected at the very start. (shrink)

The term ‘consciousness’ is usually reserved only for the focus of attention. This restriction empties the phenomenology of consciousness of some of its richness. Rather than conceiving of consciousness as one-dimensional, researchers should consider that consciousness has a three-dimensional organization. Conscious presentations are structured in a focus, context and margin pattern. Inclusion of these other dimensions of consciousness as consciousness is important for an adequate relation between scientific method and phenomenology. The problem becomes especially acute when transformations in consciousness -- (...) attentional and temporal continuity -- are considered. Using Aron Gurwitsch's work, this paper presents an alternative to Galen Strawson's view of consciousness and the self, as an example of the usefulness of this fuller conception of consciousness. I argue here that there is significant attentional and temporal continuity in consciousness, and that this continuity provides for a sense of the self as a distinct, but continuous experience. (shrink)

Amazing as it may be, to this day few commentaries on the treatises of Plotinus' Enneads are written. The classic ninth treatise, for example, has hardly been studied. This treatise, however, is of vital importance, because it is in this work that for the first time in the Enneads, the One in its superform emerges and Plotinus dwells on the remarkable phenomenon of a 'mystical union' of the soul with the One. A thorough analysis of the argument and its development (...) next to philosophical and philo-logical support will be welcome to any reader of this in-triguing but difficult treatise. These aims are pursued in the main part of Meijer's work, the commentary. The first part of the book, preceding the commentary, examines the philosophical history of the concept of the One and its status in the first eight treatises. This new approach to the problem of the One leads to striking conclusions. It appears that while Plotinus was writing these first eight treatises, the concept of the One developed from that of a Supreme Entity of a Mesoplatonian character, viz. the upper part of the mind, to One of a Superone above mind. This casts an entirely new light on the position of the One in Plotinus and that of the ninth treatise itself. The third part not only examines the mystical union as pictured in the ninth treatise, but also provides a full scale discussion of Plotinus' descriptions of this union in his en-tire work. The degree of unification, viz. the question whether a part of the mystic self remains intact during the unification, is a matter of vigorous scholarly debate. Meijer shows that, in spite of some inconsistencies in his doctrine about the union, one must accept that Plotinus basically considered the union as a complete absorption of the soul into the Supreme Entity. (shrink)

In Book II of Plato's Republic, Glaucon, after putting on the mantle of Thrasymachus, concludes that in order for Socrates to show that justice is to be valued for its own sake, he must show that the just man who appears to be unjust is happier than the unjust man who appears to be just. In other words, according to Glaucon, Socrates must show that the just man who as a result of appearing to be unjust is thrown in prison, (...) scoured and racked, has his eyes burned out and is finally impaled, presumably on a spear, is happier than the unjust man who through appearing to be just is rewarded with high office, wealth and is permitted to marry into the best of families. Adiemantus it will be noticed reaches a similar conclusion. (shrink)

L’identité juive de Jésus est un fait avéré. Dans le christianisme cependant, l’ignorance de la variété des courants d’idée dans le judaïsme au début de notre ère a conduit certains à placer l’enseignement de Jésus entièrement en marge ou même en dehors du judaïsme et à tirer argument de l’originalité de son message contre son origine juive. De même, certains courants de type monophysite ont sous-estimé, voire nié l’enracinement humain de Jésus et sa « racination » juive . Au sein (...) de milieux « post-chrétiens », à l’antisémitisme latent ou affiché, l’identité juive de Jésus fait scandale. Dans le judaïsme, parler de Jésus reste difficile, et tout messianisme fait peur. Depuis la deuxième moitié du XIXe s., toutefois, des savants juifs ont beaucoup fait pour réintroduire Jésus dans l’histoire du judaïsme. Les autorités de l’Église catholique et d’autres Églises ont rappelé sans détour la judéité de Jésus. L’humanité de Jésus et son enracinement historique ont retrouvé leur place dans la théologie, sans préjudice pour l’intégrité de la foi chrétienne. Il faut mentionner également les recherches sur les origines juives du christianisme. L’affirmation de l’identité juive de Jésus par les chrétiens et par les juifs est l’une des pierres de touche de la vérité des relations et du dialogue entre eux aujourd’hui. (shrink)

Gareth Evans's two articles on the syntax and semantics of pronouns unfortunately seem to have been written far more with the desire of showing Peter Geach to have been wrong all along the line than in an endeavour to formulate, clearly and coherently, a comprehensive theory of his own. Some scattered passages of constructive theorizing there are, and in the latter part of this note I shall have something to say about them; but the controversial motive prevails.It would be wearisome (...) for me, and unrewarding for readers, if I were to work through Evans's arguments against me in detail: his misrepresentations of me are frequent and gross, and exposure of them in detail, together with restatement of the arguments misrepresented, would take up many more pages than the articles themselves. I here document just two of the more flagrant examples; with this warning before their eyes, readers may be disposed not to believe Evans's account of my works without checking for themselves. (shrink)